These are not the sounds they made in classical Attic Greek. ^ a b c The letters theta ⟨ θ⟩, phi ⟨ φ⟩, and chi ⟨ χ⟩ are normally taught to English speakers with their modern Greek pronunciations of, , and ~ respectively, because these sounds are easier for English speakers to distinguish from the sounds made by the letters tau ( ), pi ( ), and kappa ( ) respectively.

^ By around 350 BC, zeta in the Attic dialect had shifted to become a single fricative,, as in modern Greek.O as in German ohne, similar to British English c all S as in English mu se when used before β, γ, or μ Ĭh as in Scottish lo ch ~ h as in English hue K as in English, but completely unaspirated G as in Spanish la go or y as in English yellow, ng as in English lo ng Ng as in English sing when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and possibly μ when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and possibly μ LetterĪpproximate western European equivalent For a number of letters, sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek, because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages. Ancient Greek spelling was generally near- phonemic. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol-to-sound mappings, making pronunciation of words largely predictable. Modern and Ancient Greek also use different diacritics, with modern Greek keeping only the stress accent ( acute) and the diaeresis.Īpart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science, and other fields.įurther information: Manners of articulation Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient and Modern Greek usage because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase in parallel with Latin during the modern era. The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. The uppercase and lowercase forms of the 24 letters are: In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many local variants, but, by the end of the 4th century BC, the Euclidean alphabet, with 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used for Greek writing today. It is derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the earliest known alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

Phi sigma kappa letters